Sex Preselection Essay - 1132 Words

Sex Preselection For many years, mankind has wondered how to choose the sex of a child before its birth for which countless myths, folk remedies, and magic potions have been offered as a solution. None of these methods were based on scientific evidence. However, in recent years gender selection has been made possible through advances such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis using biopsy methods combined with in vitro fertilization and sperm separation using flow cytometry techniques (Reubinoff, 1996, p. 344). These methods can increase the likelihood of producing a child of the desired sex, although none can guarantee success. The fact that the procedure can be fairly simple and inexpensive may cause medical practices to notice†¦show more content†¦Although it has been argued that the FISH technique is acceptable when the embryo is homogenous, but remains questionable when it is heterogenous (Coonen, 1996, p.134). Another technique used in sex preselection is called MicroSort. â€Å"Utilizing new flow cytometric separation technology, the X or Y chromosome –bearing sperm can be sorted and the enriched fraction of sorted sperm can be used for medical insemination (intrauterine insemination), in vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.† (Genetics IVF Institute, 1998) Normally, semen specimens contain an equal amount of X- and Y-bearing sperm. If either of the two can be increased, so can the chances of conceiving a child of that sex. This method is currently somewhat more successful for parents choosing to have a girl. It is expected to be five to six times more likely to have a female child, while on the other hand, the chances of a boy are only increased to 2: 1. Obviously, this does not result in the complete elimination of either X or Y chromosome –bearing sperm in the final sperm preparation. This sorting technique has resulted in over four hu ndred offspring of various species as well as the recent births in humans. (Genetics IVF Institute, 1998). The first people to use this technique were looking to avoid a deadly disease called hydrocephalus, which almost always effects boys. A healthy baby girl was born to the couple in August ofShow MoreRelatedGender Bias And Its Effects On Children1117 Words   |  5 Pagesusing I.V.F. Couples around the world are either delighted or disgusted by this rather controversial topic. Preselection of gender could cause a gender bias, designs children to desired specifications, and poses a higher risk to the child and the mother. Parents should not be able to select the gender of their unborn children without a logical medical reason. The process of gender preselection poses a high risk to society, particularly by leading to a gender bias. In a 2011 survey, 60% of surveyedRead MoreTechnology and Social Changes1225 Words   |  5 Pageswith each other. Technology has also had many breakthroughs in medicine. Although many breakthroughs are considered controversial, most breakthroughs have helped more in medicine than hurt any. Technology has been applied in the advancement of sex preselection, surrogate parenthood, and genetic engineering. These advancements have raised concern in politics, it has questioned the ethical value of such technology and has questioned the morality of these breakthroughs. The impact that technologyRead MoreSociological Views on Gender Selection1446 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological deformations in a fetus. Worldwide studies have proved the increase of birth defects on babies born after â€Å"Chromosomal Manipulation.† The second and most detrimental towards society is possible sex ratio imbalances in the future (like we already have in China and India.) When focusing on the sex-selected offspring growing into an adult and developmental concerns, they face psychological harm. Psychological egoism fuels many decisions to proceed with gender selection. The parents believe theirRead MoreEthnic Reproduction and the Amniotic Deep: Joy Kogawas Obasan13316 Words   |  54 Pagesrelationships get started (p. 434) Proximity (p. 434) Exposure and familiarity (p. 435) Similarity (p. 435) Meet the Researcher: Steve Duck (p. 436) Physical attractiveness (p. 438) The attractiveness stereotype (p. 438) The evolutionary approach: sex differences and sexual selection – what do males and females find attractive? (p. 438) The importance of facial symmetry (p. 439) Is attractiveness really no more than averageness? (p. 440) Body symmetry and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p. 440) Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesworkers. Thus, organizations need HRM specialists trained in psychology, sociology, organization and work design, and law. Federal legislation requires organizations to hire the best-qualified candidate without regard to race, age, religion, color, sex, disability, or national origin—and someone must ensure that this is done. Employees need to be trained to function effectively within the organization—and again, someone must oversee this as well as the continuing personal development of each employee

Interview Ceo Free Essays

INTERVIEW 1/- During operating process of NIPPOVINA company for years, have you ever faced with the business ethical dilemma? Yes, a lot. Because launching business means making profit as much as possible while still manage to responsible for those strict environmental and human standards. Therefore, many conflicts occur day by day, making me so frustrated. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview Ceo or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2/-In your opinion, how to resolve these issues in a best way? I think there aren’t any best ways to resolve the problem, there is only a better way. We have to scarify unnecessary things to get what you want. So many times when I have to consider carefully a number of factors such as company reputation, customer trust, product quality, new cost†¦ and make the final decision. 3/- For example, Nippovina company signed with the investor works B, produce the items made exclusively for B, request at the highest quality. But there is a small error in the production process cause tiny scratches on the surface but private religious mind is made which leads to the shipment is not satisfactory. He recovered but religion measuring? It depends on many factors, such as the value of the order is big or small, client B is long-time essential or new partners, how much the reputation of the company will affect, I may chose to revoke or deliver the cargo. 4 /- Assuming that all of these factors are very large, what would you do? Maybe I will not withdraw. Small scratches will not affect much to the quality of work, on the other hand, our company still operating and maintenance materials. 5 / – The motto of the company is always ready to provide the best materials, professional service technology. So in this case, do you think was the company not able to follow that motto? We are committed to using imported equipment, the best material for all projects, and try to comply with the most rigorous way. However the negligence and carelessness are inevitable, I cannot dismiss a skilled worker with only a scratch. I also fully do compensate the loss of time and money if I do not complete the order within the time limit. So, as mentioned above, after careful consideration, I sometimes have to trade off. Findings Worrying about the CEO may argue in favor of his own behavior, the interview asked some question in the making assumption way so as to make the CEO answer sincerely. During the research process, the interviewer has investigated and found out the truth about an unqualified consignment. This was told by a manager who blows the whistle. The interview indicates that the CEO concern about the ethical dilemma that he was facing. Although each question is straight forward the problem, the CEO still feel comfortable to answer honestly. Many problems such as stakeholder profit, trust, loyalty are mentioned and discussed below. How to cite Interview Ceo, Essay examples

International Society Professional Innovation Management

Question: Discuss about the International Society for Professional Innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: Established in the year of 1967, Apple has emerged to be one of the most recognized American multinational technology companies, operating its business worldwide with unprecedented success (McManus et al., 2013). The organization, dealing with the production and sale of the consumer electronics, software and online service has expanded to different corners of the world, including Australia, where the organization has achieved enormous recognition and popularity in the consumer market. However, since the organization has been encountering tough competition from rival forces such as Samsung and Google, the organization is required to adopt a more organized approach towards the process of creating strategies for the organization. The following report intends to analyze the business environment of Apple Australia, current trends and statistics of its profitability, as well as the nature of competition, it is likely to face in the business market (Galloway, Albert, Freedman, 2013). Industry Market and Current Trends: A market is defined as an actual or even a nominal place which involves the purchase and sale of goods and services, and is primarily governed by the forces of demand and supply. The comprehension and a clear understanding of the industry market are highly essential as it helps an organization its own position in relation to the rival giants of the industry. The industry market evaluation helps a company gain competitive advantage over the rival organizations. As soon as Apple started expanding in other parts of the world, in the year of 2008, Apple was reported to have opened its first store in Australia. The growth of an organization helps in examining how far an organization has been able to compete in the competitive industry, and what are its future potentialities. As soon as the organization started introducing the iPhone 6, the company started experiencing a remarkable hike in sales in the Australian market. The organization gained immediate success, by getting an approximate 20.7 % market share in the smart phone industry of the foreign market, and the share of the Android or the Windows has witnessed a shocking drop of 1.1 % in terms of the profitability (JohnstoneShan McCarthy, 2016). However, in the Australian market, a research firm Telsyte has claimed that with the entry of new brands, (Oppo and Huawei) and with the situation of the falling Australian Dollar, the lower cost operators and the new entrants in the market are getting an upper hand (Golev, Werner Matsubae, 2016). In fact, the Apple is found to suffer from a low rate of growth in the market, as it can also be explained through the diagram, shown below: Considering the above diagram, it is easily understandable that the IOS market is likely to lose its share to Google Android, which can be run on majority of the handsets, and hence can emerge as the most commonly used operating system. It is here that Apple might lose its position in the Australian market. Profitability of an organization refers to the revenue earning capacity of an organization (Williams 2013). As far as the profitability of Apple is concerned, it should be noted that in the year of 2015, Apple recorded a sale of mere 3.4 million iPhones in Australia, as compared with the number of 4.0 million sales of different kinds of Android based phones being sold in the same market (Muller et al., 2015). Besides, Apple is also found to be encountering a strong competition from Galaxy 7, the major reason behind which is that the handset is also being sold, along with a virtual reality handset, and the sale of a handset, along with an accessory, promotes its popularity (Walla Scheigger, 2017). Besides, the company has been continually offering innovative features to the consumers, as opposed to Apple, which s not providing much innovation that could distinguish its iPhone 6 from iPhone 5 handset. Macro Environment Analysis: An organization conducting its business in overseas market must ensure that it is well-aware of the external factors of the environment of the nation, so that it can draft the most effective strategy before launching a new plan or a project. First of all, as far as the political factors are concerned, Australia has been facing challenges with the issue of political instability, and as a result, the production and distribution system of the products of Apple is likely to get affected in the Australian market (Grubert Altshuler 2016). The huge taxation and tariffs is also a huge challenge, while operating in the Australian market, as a result of which the profitability of the organization must be high for future sustenance. Hence, the slashing of the price can be a challenging situation for Apple in the Australian market. Next, as far as the economic factors are concerned, Australian market boasts of a very strong economy, as a result of high GDP and per capita income, and hence the d emand of the consumers will not cease, even if it slows down temporarily. However, the labor cost is very expensive, and it can hit the profitability of Apple Inc. operating in Australia. Among the social factors, it should be noted that the youth population is not very high, and hence the consumer market of smartphones and software is not as high as it is in the US market (Halloway et al., 2016). With respect to the technological factors, he governmental investment on the Research and Development activities (54%) has been soaring higher than before, and hence Apple can have a great scope of innovation in the market (Head et al., 2014). Nature of Competition: Competition refers to the possibility of a product of a particular company to be substituted by the product of a rival company. This kind of substitution may occur because of low price or even high quality of the rival product being sold (Wagner Hollenbeck). As an organization is operating in a foreign market, it must ensure that it is able to establish its superiority over the rival organizations, so that it can sustain itself in future. Herein lies the importance of organizational competition. Australia enjoys a highly favorable position as far as the market of the handheld devices is concerned. There has been a remarkable growth of 66.7 % growth in the sale of the handheld devices (Fogliasso Williams, 2014). In fact the sudden demand of the handheld consumers in the Australian marketcan be demonstrated with the help of the research report of ACMA. It was being found out that by the end of the year of 2012 as many as 8.67 million Australians were in possession of the handheld dev ices (Heracleous, 2013). However, while determining the competitive forces challenging Apple in Australia, are Google, Samsung and Motorola. Since Apple operates its business in a diverse market, it has a variety of competitive forces. In the market of iPad, Amazon and Microsoft are the main rival forces, while in the computer operating systems market, Microsoft is a major competitor of Apple. Some of the new entrants in the market such as Oppo,are offering products at a much lower price, and yet the innovative features, such as improved camera resolution is offering something new. On the other hand, the same design and features of Apple may not be able to attract the consumer attention. Again, Galaxy Note 7, is also offering innovative features, such as water resistance and wireless charging. In a nutshell, Galaxy Note 7 is one of the major competitors of Apple in the Australian market. Name of the Brand Strength Weakness Apple iPhone Better market recognition Availability in multiple colors More advanced iOS 10 More expensive Less RAM Storage capacity (2 GB) Samsung Galaxy Greater storage (RAM 4GB) Better camera resolution Not too many color options Battery and overheating issues Market Segmentation: A market segment refers to a group of consumers, or organizations with one or more similar characteristics, contributing to their more or less similar demand for a product (Theysohn et al., 2013). The market segmentation of any organization plays an important role, as it helps an organization in determining what its consumer market constitutes, and resultantly, which group of consumers should it try to address. Since the price of the Apple products are quite high, the target market of the organization mainly comprises of the Australians belonging to the upper middle class and upper class of the society (Piao Kleiner 2015). The brand has always embodied a sense of sophistication, distinguishing its identity from the easily affordable brands available in the market. Accordingly, the youth population chasing after social status, obsessed with the ideas of sophistication, luxury and social acceptance, form an important part of the segment. A target market refers to a group of consumers, whose needs and demands for products, an organization aims to fulfill through its production. The target market can be divided into two parts- the primary market segment and the secondary market segment. First of all, the primary market is the market segment of an organization that is considered by an organization as the most important market segment, which gives it the best chance to sell its products (Dizik, 2013). As far as the primary market segment of the organization is concerned, this group consists of a group of consumers who owe a very strong sense of loyalty to the brand. This group of consumers is well aware of the features and the benefits of the Apple products, and will continue to stick to the company even if the price continues to increase. The secondary target market refers to the market segment that consists of the second most important consumer segment, an organization intends to target (Dizik, 2013). The secondary mar ket segment, on the other hand consists of the tech savvy group of consumers, mainly belonging to the upper middle class, willing to experiment with the novel design and advanced features of the product. Since Apple as a brand has been synonymous with the idea of novelty and innovation, these group of consumers are highly influenced by the high tech products offered by the organization. However, it should be noted here, that these group of consumers can easily switch their preference from Apple to other rival products, as soon as a substitute is available in the consumer market. On the other hand, the consumers belonging to the primary market segment are more likely to retain their loyalty towards the brand named Apple. Level of Involvement of the Primary Segment: The level of involvement of a consumer refers to the extent a consumer conducts research, and the number of factors he considers before taking a purchase decision (Schiffman, 2013). As it is evident from the above paragraph, the primary market segment of the organization constitutes a group of consumers, who usually belong to the affluent strata of the society, who are being attracted to the branded value of the organization. This group of consumers will continue to exhibit their loyalty towards the organization. As it is already a well-known fact that the per capita GDP of Australia is much higher than the other countries, such as the United States, and hence the average number of consumers is not likely to face financial constraints, in purchasing the Apple products (Wang et al., 2015). As a result, the level of involvement of the consumers with the Apple products is quite high. There is no gain stating the fact that the buyers of Apple, a Mac computer or an iPhone, do not consider the products as mere electronic equipments. The Apple products form an important part of the self-expression and lifestyle of the consumers, and hence the products help to embody the social identity of the buyers. The degree of consumer involvement for a product plays a vital role in determining the profitability as well as long-term sustenance of the organization. Accordingly, the high involvement products are usually the ego-intensive luxury products, which cannot be afforded by all. The more expensive a product is, the more a consumer can be involved with its brand. In case of the Apple products, the average consumer demand has always been high, as a result of a hype created in the market. Hence, as even earlier mentioned by Steve Jobs, the organization does not require to rely overmuch on any kind of market research, as it busies itself with finding innovative strategies, that help in distinguishing the brand from its rival forces. Design and utility are undoubtedly important a ttributes that have been characterizing an Apple product, and contributes to the astounding revenue growth of the organization, from $8 billion to $180 billion, in between the years of 2004 and 2014 (Rivera, 2013). For example, iPhone 6 has witnessed a remarkable craze in the consumer market, and yet the phone has a lower resolution font, and lower capacity battery, and half as much a RAM than most of the other smart phones. Despite this fact, the research reports suggest that the consumers of Apple do not consider doing research before making future purchase. However, Apple products, being highly expensive are not likely to witness impulsive buying decisions from the consumers belonging to different strata of the society unlike Samsung. Hence, it is advisable that the organization keeps on emphasizing its brand value via its promotional method, that helps in drawing the attention of the high class consumers. Unlike the rival organizations of Apple, such as Samsung, HTC or LG, the o rganization does not consider the alternative of dropping down the price of its products. The organization has very selected group of consumers, who will keep on exhibiting a strong level of involvement, and hence the organization adheres to its own brand style. Even when other organizations are trying to satiate the consumer demand for larger phones, by introducing phablets, the Apple company refuses to produce anything other than smaller devices meant for one-hand operation. Thus, the decision-making strategy of the organization largely relies on bringing in the unique and most innovative features, rather than competing with the ordinary brands. Positioning Map: A position map involves a diagrammatic representation of the position of a product of an organization in relation to its competition (Yamada et al., 2013). The positioning map of Apple is being explained below: As it can be seen from the above diagram, keeping into consideration the primary market segment of the organization in the Australian market, the Apple Company has positioned most of its products in the high price segment. The product, unlike its arch rival Samsung, adopts a premium price strategy, meant for addressing only a selected group of Australian consumers. High quality and high price are the two areas where most of the Apple products are being positioned in the market. The premium price strategy of Apple ensures its consumers a high quality user experience with exquisite products. Conclusion: Apple has emerged to be one of the most recognized organizations in the world, and the value of the organization can be easily ascertained by the stock price of the brand, which was as much as $728.35 million. In fact, it should be noted here that the Forbes list has ranked Apple to be doubly valuable as compared with other organizations, such as Google or Microsoft. As the organization seeks to expand in other parts of the world, it is important to conduct effective marketing audit that helps to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of investing in the Australian market. Considering the growth of per capita income in Australia, and the pricing strategy adopted by Apple, in different parts of the world, it can be easily said that Australia is bound to enjoy a potential growth in terms of its profitability in the Australian consumer market. Reference List: Bergvall-Kreborn, B., Howcroft, D. (2013, December). Crowdsourcing and Open Innovation: A Study of Amazon Mechanical Turk and Apple iOS. InISPIM Innovation Symposium(p. 1). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). Dizik, A., 2013. Questions to Ask Before Determining Your Target Market. Fogliasso, C. E., Williams, A. (2014). Analysis Of The Business, Societal And Governmental Relationships Of Apple Inc.Leadership Organizational Management Journal,2014(1). Galloway, C. D., Albert, D. E., Freedman, S. B. (2013). iPhone ECG application for community screening to detect silent atrial fibrillation: a novel technology to prevent stroke.Int. J. Cardiol.,165, 193-194. Golev, A., Werner, T. T., Zhu, X., Matsubae, K. (2016). Product flow analysis using trade statistics and consumer survey data: a case study of mobile phones in Australia.Journal of Cleaner Production,133, 262-271. Grubert, H., Altshuler, R. (2016). Shifting the Burden of Taxation from the Corporate to the Personal Level and Getting the Corporate Tax Rate Down to 15 Percent. Head, B., Ferguson, M., Cherney, A., Boreham, P. (2014). Are policy-makers interested in social research? Exploring the sources and uses of valued information among public servants in Australia.Policy and Society,33(2), 89-101. Heracleous, L. (2013). Quantum Strategy at Apple Inc.Organizational Dynamics,42(2), 92-99. Holloway, J. C., Falk, M. G., Emery, R. N., Collins, P. J., Nayak, M. K. (2016). Resistance to phosphine in Sitophilus oryzae in Australia: A national analysis of trends and frequencies over time and geographical spread.Journal of Stored Products Research,69, 129-137. Johnstone, R., Shan, F., McCarthy, A. (2016). Chinese Dates (Jujubes)A Developing Industry in Australia. InChinese Dates: A Traditional Functional Food(pp. 319-333). CRC Press. Khan, U. A., Alam, M. N., Alam, S. (2015). A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Environment of Apple Inc.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,3(6), 955-961. McManus, D. D., Lee, J., Maitas, O., Esa, N., Pidikiti, R., Carlucci, A., ... Chon, K. H. (2013). A novel application for the detection of an irregular pulse using an iPhone 4S in patients with atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm,10(3), 315-319. Mller, H., Gove, J. L., Webb, J. S., Cheang, A. (2015, December). Understanding and Comparing Smartphone and Tablet Use: Insights from a Large-Scale Diary Study. InProceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Australian Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction(pp. 427-436). ACM. Piao, M., Kleiner, B. (2015). Excellence in the Electronics Industry: The Comparison of the Organizational Culture among Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics and Google Inc.Conflict Resolution Negotiation Journal,2015(1). Rivera, R. (2013). Antitrust Law, Variant Patent Holdup Theories, and Injunctive Relief in Standard Setting Organizations.Illinois State Bar Association Section of Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law Newsletter,50(2). Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A., Carlson, J. (2013).Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Theysohn, S., Klein, K., Vlckner, F. and Spann, M., 2013. Dual effect-based market segmentation and price optimization.Journal of Business Research,66(4), pp.480-488. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. Walla, P., Schweiger, M. (2017). Samsung Versus Apple: Smartphones and Their Conscious and Non-conscious Affective Impact. InInformation Systems and Neuroscience(pp. 73-82). Springer International Publishing. Wang, Y. H., Lin, W. R., Lin, S. S., Hung, J. C. (2015). How does patent litigation influence dynamic risk for market competitors?.Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 1-14. Williams, C., (2013).Principles of management. South-Western/Cengage Learning. Yamada, Y., Hashizume, N., Sato, M., Kitamura, K. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,471,211. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Microsoft vs Foss Essay Example

Microsoft vs Foss Essay Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Holly Stark ITT Technical IT 302 Abstract This paper takes an in depth look at the claims from Microsoft that FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) committed patent infringement in 2006. It also discusses how the events have impacted FOSS, whether negatively or positively and how the actions have changed both since 2006. Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Free software is wonderful and corporate America seems to love it. Its often high-quality stuff that can be downloaded free off the Internet and then copied at will. Its versatile it can be customized to perform almost any large-scale computing task and best of all its crash-resistant. More than half the companies in the Fortune 500 are thought to be using the free operating system Linux in their data centers. In 2006, Microsoft cast a shadow over Free and Open Source Software by alleging that they had violated 235 patents such as the Linux kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org and others. Foss’s legal representative Eben Moglen contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and, as such, not patentable. Parloff, R. 2007) But what of Microsoft’s claims? Are they valid? But first to answer that you need to understand what a patent really is. A patent is essentially a limited monopoly whereby the patent holder is granted the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patented innovation for a limited period of time. Granting exclusive rights to the inventor is intended to encourage the investment of time and resources into the develop ment of new and useful discoveries. Once the term of protection has ended, the patented innovation enters the public domain. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The problem of the patentability of software has become one of the most debated issues with regards to open source software. The Supreme Court stated in a unanimous opinion that patents have been issued too readily for the past two decades, and lots are probably invalid. For a variety of technical reasons, many dispassionate observers suspect that software patents are especially vulnerable to court challenge. This ruling works in FOSS’s favor. Patents can be invalidated in court on numerous grounds; others can easily be invented around. Still others might be valid, yet not infringed under the particular circumstances. FOSS has some well known patrons working in its corner as well. In 2005, six of them IBM (Charts, Fortune 500), Sony, Philips, Novell, Red Hat (Charts) and NEC set up the Open Invention Network (OIN) to acquire a portfolio of patents that might pose problems for companies like Microsoft, which are known to pose a patent threat to Linux. So if Microsoft ever sue d Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. Parloff, R. 2007) A preliminary legal analysis of FOSS licenses conducted seems to suggest that the novel licensing model used by FOSS is legally valid, a fact that lends substantial credit to the movement. Other indications as to the soundness of the licenses are also encouraging; a ruling in Germany that has recognized the validity of the General Public License (GPL) ( J. Hoppner,2004), which further serves to stress that FOSS is a global phenomenon that is revolutionizing the entire field of software development. Microsoft realized that something had to change when it comes to patents. They basically had three choices. They could do nothing, it could start suing other companies to stop them from using its patents, or, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies in exchange for either royalties or access to their patents (a cross-licensing deal). They chose to do the latter. In December 2003, Microsofts new licensing unit opened for business, and soon the company had signed cross-licensing pacts with such tech firms as Sun, Toshiba, SAP and Siemens. On November 2, 2006, Microsoft went public and announced a partnership with Novell to collaborate to help Microsofts Windows, a proprietary operating system, work with Novells Suse Linux, which is based on open-source code. In addition, the software makers struck a deal on patents designed to give customers peace of mind about using Novells open-source products. This partnership made Novell the only company in the industry that was able to provide the customer not only with the code to run Linux, but also with a patent covenant from Microsoft. Evers, Joris 2006) Some thought that it showed that Microsoft was kind of being forced to see Linux as a significant competitor and the FOSS model as a viable business model. (Upfold, Peter 2006) My personal opinion is that this was an attack on the open source community. Microsoft hasn’t actually changed its tune; it’s still actively attacking free software and trying to abolish GNU/Linux while promoting Windows and other proprie tary software as though they are complementary to free software, which they are not. It’s PR nonsense and Microsoft is good at PR. Since then, Novell was sold in 2010 to Attachmate Corp. and a concurrent sale of certain intellectual property assets was sold to CPTN Holdings LLC, a consortium of technology companies organized by Microsoft Corporation. It plays right into the hands of Microsoft’s PR campaign, which strives for a fusion where Microsoft controls both sides of the competition and then derails the side which is less favorable to Microsoft. Microsoft has done that over and over again for many years and victims include giants like IBM and Apple. While FOSS licenses generally protect end user freedom in the realm of copyright, they have no effective protection against threats from software patents, especially from entities outside the FOSS community. In responding to the threat from software patent holders, the FOSS community has created innovative licensing schemes. ( Davidson, S. J 2006) Permissive licenses, such as the Apache licenses, have different patent rights clauses from reciprocal licenses, such as the MPL and GPL. In dealing with potential patent claims, GPL 2. has a â€Å"Freedom or Death† termination clause – â€Å"any patent must be licensed for everyones free use or not licensed at all. † GPL 2. 0 does not allow the development of software that requires any kind of license payments for third party patents. (Hacker. J. n. d. ) GPL 3. 0 was drafted to cope with global software patent threats and to provide compatibility with more non-GPL FOSS licenses. The current GPL draft 3. 0 keeps GPL 2. 0’s copyleft feature and includes new provisions addressing evolving computing issues, such as patent issues, free software license compatibility, and digital rights management (â€Å"DRM†). McMillan, R 2007) As of today, Microsoft is still attacking free software with two types of tactics. The tactics largely include litigation and the use of so-called Fear-Uncertainty-Doubt (FUD) tactics designed to undermine the popular perception of the open source philosophy. This year alone they have won several cases either outright, in appeal or countersuits against Motorola’s Android features. The rest of the FOSS community seems to be on edge and waiting to see what happens next.

Fatigue in flight, pilots

Fatigue in flight, pilots Free Online Research Papers Fatigue has been an issue in long-haul flight operations since the first transoceanic crossing by Charles Lindbergh. Today, modern aircraft have proven the capability to fly farther. The aircraft are highly automated, and require fewer crew members for operation. While aircraft and the operational demands of the aviation industry have evolved, human requirements for sleep have not. Therefore, the physiological capabilities and limitations of the human operator are the main focus to maintaining the safety margin in long-haul flight operations. I will address some of the physiological limitations that underlie fatigue, highlight findings regarding fatigue in long-haul operations. Physiological limitations that Underlie Fatigue have been heavily studied Since the mid-1950s, there has been extensive scientific research on sleep, sleepiness, circadian rhythms, sleep disorders, dreams, and the effects of these factors on waking alertness and human performance. Some of the basic scientific findings regarding human sleep, sleepiness, and circadian rhythms that have emerged over the past fifty years and are critical to understanding the physiological limitations that underlie fatigue in flight operations. Some of the significant information is presented as a foundation for understanding the role of fatigue in long-haul operations. Sleep is a vital human Physiological Function. Historically, sleep has been viewed as a state when the human organism is turned off. Scientific findings have clearly established that sleep is a complex, active physiological state that is essential to human survival. Like human requirements for food and water, sleep is a vital physiological need. When individuals are deprived of food and water, the brain provides specific signals-hunger and thirst drives the individual to meet these basic physiological needs. Similarly, when deprived of sleep, the physiological response is sleepiness. Sleepiness is the brains signal to prompt a person to obtain sleep; it is a signal that a specific requirement has not been met. Eventually, when deprived of sleep, the human brain can spontaneously, in an uncontrolled fashion, shift from wakefulness to sleep, in order to meet its physiological need for sleep. The sleepier the person, the more rapid and frequent these actions of sleep into wakefulness are. These spontaneous sleep episodes can be very short (micro sleeps lasting only seconds) or extended (lasting minutes). At the onset of sleep, an individual disengages from the external environment, becoming unresponsive to outside information. Therefore, even micro-sleep can be associated with a significant performance lapse when an individual does not receive or respond to external information. With sleep loss, these uncontrolled sleep episodes can occur while standing, operating machinery, and even in situations that would put an individual at risk, such as driving a car. How much sleep does an individual need? An individual requires the amount of sleep necessary to achieve full alertness and the highest level of functioning during waking hours. There is a range of individual sleep needs and, though most adults will require about 8 hours of sleep, some people need 6 hours while others require 10 hours to feel wide awake and function at their peak level during wakefulness. Sleepiness Affects Waking Performance, Vigilance, and Mood. Sleepless creates sleepiness and often this sleepiness is dismissed as a minimal nuisance or as easily overcome. However, sleepiness can potentially disrupt most aspects of human capability. Controlled laboratory experiments have demonstrated decrements in most components of human performance, vigilance, and mood as a result of sleep loss. Sleepiness can be associated with decrements in decision-making, vigilance, reaction time, memory, psychomotor coordination, and information processing. Research has demonstrated that with increased sleepiness, individuals demonstrate degraded performance despite increased effort, and report many differences regarding the outcome of their performance. Individuals report fewer positive emotions, more negative emotions, and an overall worsened mood with sleep loss and sleepiness. Generally, sleepiness can degrade most aspects of human waking performance, vigilance, and mood. In the most severe instances, an individual may experience an uncontrolled sleep episode and obviously be unable to perform. However, in many other situations, while the individual may not actually fall asleep, the level of sleepiness can still significantly degrade human performance. For example, the individual may react slowly to information, may incorrectly process the importance of the information, may find decision making difficult, may make poor decisions, or may have to check and recheck information or activities due to memory difficulties. This performance degradation can be a direct result of sleep loss and the associated sleepiness and can play a major role in the occurrence of an operational incident or accident. Sleep Loss Accumulates into a Sleep Debt. An individual who requires 8 hours of sleep and obtains only 6 hours is essentially sleep deprived by 2 hours. If the individual sleeps only 6 hours over four nights, then the 2 hours of sleep loss per night would accumulate into an 8-hour sleep debt. Estimates suggest that in the United States today, most adults obtain 1 to 1.5 hours less sleep per night than they actually need. During a regular work week this would translate into the accumulation of a 5- to 7.5-hour sleep debt going into the weekend; hence, the common phenomenon of sleeping late on weekends to compensate for the sleep debt accumulated during the week. Generally, recuperation from a sleep debt involves obtaining deeper sleep over two to three nights. Obtaining deeper sleep appears to be a physiological priority over a significant increase in the total hours of sleep. In other words, rather than sleeping 7.5 hours longer than normal on the weekend to make-up for the sleep deb t accumulated during the week, the sleep-deprived person may sleep only slightly longer than normal; in a deeper sleep. Sleepiness can be differentiated into two distinct components: physiological and subjective. Physiological sleepiness is the result of sleep loss: lose sleep, get sleepy. An accumulated sleep debt will be accompanied by physiological sleepiness that will drive an individual to sleep in order to meet the individuals physiological need. Subjective sleepiness is an individuals introspective self-report regarding the individuals level of sleepiness. An individual’s subjective report of sleepiness can be affected by many factors, for example, caffeine, physical activity, and a particularly stimulating environment. However, an individual will typically report being more alert because of these factors. These factors can mask or conceal an individuals level of physiological sleepiness. Therefore, the tendency will be for individuals to subjectively rate themselves as more alert than they may be physiologically. This discrepancy between subjective sleepiness and physiological sleepiness can be largely significant. An individual might report a low level of sleepiness but be carrying an accumulated sleep debt with a high level of physiological sleepiness. This individual, in an environment stripped of factors that conceal the underlying sleepiness, would be susceptible to the spontaneous, uncontrolled sleep and the performance decrements associated with sleep loss. Humans, like other living organisms, have a circadian clock in the brain that regulates physiological and behavioral functions on a 24-hour basis. In a 24-hour period this clock will regulate our sleep/wake pattern, body temperature, hormones, performance, mood, digestion, and many other human functions. For example, on a regular 24-hour schedule we are programmed for periods of wakefulness and sleep, high and low body temperature, high and low digestive activity, increased and decreased performance capability, and so on. An indivi dual’s circadian clock might be programmed to sleep at midnight, awaken at 8 AM, maintain wakefulness during the day, and then repeat the 24-hour pattern. The circadian rhythm of body temperature is programmed for the lowest temperature between 3 and 5 AM on a daily basis. When the circadian clock is moved to a new work/rest schedule or put in a new environmental time zone, it does not adjust immediately. This is the basis for the circadian disruption associated with jet lag. Once the circadian clock is moved to a new schedule or time zone, it can begin to adjust and may take from several days up to several weeks to adapt to the new environmental time. Also, the bodys internal physiological rhythms do not all adjust at the same rate, and therefore may be out of synch with each other for an extended period of time. Again, it can take from days to weeks; for all of the internal rhythms to come together in the new schedule or time zone. There are some specific factors that can affect the circadian clock’s adaptation. Day/night reversal can confuse the clock so that the cues that help it adjust and maintain its usual physiological pattern is disrupted. Moving from a day to a night schedule and back to days can keep the clock in a continuous state of readjustment, depending on the time between schedule changes. For example, severe effects would accompany a 12-hour day to night to day schedule alteration. Another factor is crossing multiple time zones. Even though there is some flexibility for adjustment. Putting the circadian clock in a time zone, three or more hours off home time will require a reasonable amount of adaptation. Another factor can be the direction the clock is moved. Shortening the period is generally more difficult than lengthening the period, which is the natural rhythm of the circadian clock. Therefore, it can be more difficult to cross time zones in an eastward direction compared to westward movement. It can also be more difficult to move a work/rest schedule backwards over the 24-hour day compared to moving it forward. The associated difficulties of moving the clock, such as poor sleep, sleepiness, effects on performance, and so on, will be affected until the circadian clock adapts to the new schedule or time zone. Scientific studies have revealed that there are two periods of maximal sleepiness during a usual 24-hour day. One occurs at night roughly between 3 and 5 AM, and the other in midday roughly between 3 and 5 PM. However, performance and alertness can be affected throughout a 12 AM to 8 AM window. Individuals on a regular day/night schedule will typically sleep through the 3-5 AM window of sleepiness. The afternoon sleepiness period can be masked by factors described previously, or present a window when individuals are particularly vulnerable to the effects of sleepiness. This also means that individuals working through the night are maintaining wakefulness from3-5 AM when their circadian clock is programmed for sleep. Conversely, individuals sleeping during the day are attempting to sleep when the circadian clock is programmed for wakefulness. However, individuals searching for specific windows when they are physiologically prepared to sleep, either for an extended sleep period or a st rategic nap, can use these periods to their advantage. (sleepnet.com, 1995 2006) At any given time, an individuals need to sleep or, the ability to maintain alertness and vigilance, will be the result of an interaction between sleep and circadian processes. An individuals ability to fall asleep quickly and obtain a good quantity and quality of sleep can be related to the prior amount of sleep and circadian time of day. An individual with no sleep debt attempting to sleep at a time of circadian wakefulness and alertness will have difficulty falling and staying asleep. However, an individual with a sleep debt attempting to sleep at a time of maximal circadian sleepiness will fall asleep quickly and easily maintain sleep. Also, an individual with a substantial sleep debt may be physiologically sleepy enough to override circadian factors and be able to fall asleep at a circadian time for wakefulness. These two factors also interact to determine an individuals level of physiological alertness and performance during waking hours. A third factor can also be a consideration: the number of hours of continuous wakefulness. An individual with a sleep debt, awake continuously for 20 hours, and working through the 3-5 AM circadian period of maximal sleepiness will have difficulty maintaining alertness and performance. However, an individual who has obtained the required amount of sleep, has been awake for 10 hours, and is working through the 3-5 AM circadian low will probably have less difficulty maintaining wakefulness. Any one of these three factors can increase an individual’s vulnerability for a performance decrement. Two or three of the factors coinciding will increase the probability of a fatigue-related performance problem. It is critical to note that there are tremendous individual differences in these factors. There is a range of sleep needs, differences in physiological flexibility for adaptation of the circadian clock, and ability to tolerate sleep loss or circadian disruption. Therefore, while these fundamental properties of sleep and circadian processes are factors for all human physiology, there is a range of individual responses for any particular set of cir cumstances or operational demands. (sleepnet.com, 1995 2006) There is no quick fix or magic bullet to address all of fatigue endured by long-haul flight operations. Unfortunately, there is no simple solution that will address all individuals, all operational demands, and all the technology currently involved in the aviation industry. Aviation requires24-hour operations and a challenge facing the industry is how to incorporate the scientific and physiological knowledge that currently exists into areas that will maintain the safety margin. Therefore, every arena where the knowledge can be applied should be examined for potential improvements. Four general categories for examination include hours of service, scheduling, cockpit design and technology, and personal strategies. Hours of service are affectedly both by federal regulatory policies and contractual agreements. Scheduling is dictated by a complex variety of factors that are often distinctive to a particular airlines operation. The automation evolution has brought tremendous advances to aviation, though its effects in a variety of domains remain unclear. There is also a variety of personal strategies that can be used to apply the current state of knowledge on a daily basis for flight crews. Each one of these areas should be examined for ways to incorporate scientific and physiological information about fatigue. The challenge is to minimize the adverse effects of any particular category and, wherever possible, use each one to maximize alertness and performance during flight operations. We have proposed different alertness management strategies into two components: preventive strategies and operational strategies. Preventive strategies are used prior to duty or on layover to minimize the adverse effects of the underlying physiological factors. These strategies include obtaining maximal quantity and quality of sleep prior to duty, scheduling sleep periods during layover, accounting for fatigue factors during trip scheduling, napping, maintaining good sleep habits, exercising, maintaining balanced nutrition, and others. Operational countermeasures are used in-flight to maintain alertness and performance during operations. Generally, these strategies may be more short-acting and serve to mask or conceal underlying sleepiness. These counter-measures include physical activity, strategic caffeine use, and social interactions. As previously described, the only mechanism to reverse a physiological sleep need is sleep. With sleep loss, the brain will signal its need to obtain sleep and if necessary, it will shut down to meet this vital physiological need. An obser vational and subjective logbook data indicate that long-haul operations can involve the occurrence of spontaneous and uncontrolled sleep episodes. A NASA/FAA study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a planned cockpit rest period to maintain and/or improve subsequent alertness and performance during long-haul flight operations. (Rosekind, 1997) The planned cockpit rest study involved regularly scheduled, three-person, on-augmented, commercial B747-200 transpacific flights. The middle four legs of an eight-leg, twelve-day trip schedule were studied. The study legs involved two day flights and two night flights, and two eastward and two westward flights. Each flight was about 9 hours in length followed by an average lay-over of 24 hours. Volunteer flight crew-members were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The twelve Rest Group crew-members were each allowed a scheduled 40-minute rest opportunity, one at a time, during the low workload, cruise portion of flight. The rest periods were taken in their seats. The nine No-Rest Group crewmembers each had a 40-minute control Period identified, but were instructed to continue their usual flight activities during this period. (Rosekind, 1997) Before, during, and after the twelve-day trip schedule, flight crewmembers completed the Pilot Daily Logbook. This provided self-reported information about duty periods, sleep periods, fatigue ratings, and so on. Each crewmember also wore an actigraph, a small wristwatch-size device that provides objective information about an individuals 24-hour rest/activity cycle. During the four study trip legs, flight crewmembers brain and eye movement activities were monitored to physiologically determine sleep during the rest opportunity and to evaluate subsequent alertness. Crewmembers were also evaluated with a vigilance performance test and reported their levels of alertness and mood. Crewmembers in both groups were evaluated with exactly the same measures and procedures. The first question was, When given the opportunity, would flight crewmembers sleep during the 40-minute rest period? On 93% of the sleep opportunities, Rest Group crewmembers slept. On average, they fell asleep in 5.6 minutes and slept for 25.8 minutes. The next question was whether this nap was associated with a subsequent maintenance or improvement in alertness and performance compared to the No-Rest Group. The Rest Group maintained consistent vigilance performance on night flights, at the end of a flight leg, and after four consecutive flight legs; the No-Rest Group showed decrements. Also, physiological alertness was examined by analyzing the subtle brain and eye movement changes that indicate sleepiness. The final 90 minutes of flight (about 60 minutes prior to top of descent, through descent and landing) was analyzed for the occurrence of physiological micro-events, lasting 5 seconds or longer, which are indicative of decreased alertness. These physiological micro events are si milar to micro-sleeps that many individuals have experienced when fighting sleepiness and attempting to maintain wakefulness. The nine No-Rest Group crewmembers had twice as many micro events, including twenty-two during descent and landing, than the twelve Rest Group crewmembers, who experienced no micro events during descent and landing. Another provocative finding emerged from analysis of the 40-minute control period for the No-Rest Group crewmembers. On five occasions, crewmembers fell asleep during the 40-minute period when they had been instructed to maintain their regular flight activities. These sleep episodes lasted from a couple of minutes to 14-minutes. These physiologically documented sleep episodes occurred in a NASA/FAA study of fatigue, when volunteers were being physiologically monitored and observed by two NASA researchers on the flight deck. Clearly, this is a situation where crewmembers would have been motivated to maintain their usual flight activities for the 40-minute period. This supports previous information that regardless of training, professionalism, or having the right stuff, extreme sleepiness can precipitate uncontrolled and spontaneous sleep. Research Papers on Fatigue in flight, pilotsThe Spring and AutumnOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Project Managment Office System

Thorny Devil Lizard Facts

Thorny Devil Lizard Facts Thorny devil lizards are part of class Reptilia and mainly live throughout the arid parts of Australia. Their scientific name, Moloch horridus, is derived from the Latin word meaning rough/bristly (horridus). These lizards get their name from the conical spikes across their whole body, and they can camouflage themselves in their environments. Fast Facts: Thorny Devil Lizards Scientific Name: Moloch horridusCommon Names: Thorny Devil, Mountain DevilOrder: SquamataBasic Animal Group: ReptileDistinguishing Characteristics: Conical spikes on its head, body, and tail with a skin color of yellow and brownish-black.Size: Up to 8 inchesWeight: 0.1 - 0.2 pounds on averageLife Span: Up to 20 yearsDiet: AntsHabitat: Dry desert, grasslands, scrublandConservation Status: Least ConcernFun Fact: Per meal, a thorny devil can eat anywhere from 600 to 2,500 ants with their sticky tongues. Description Thorny devils have cones and shields on their bodies that serve as camouflage and as retainers of any water they come in contact with. The colors of their skin range from brown to yellow as the time of day changes to effectively blend in with their arid environments. They have long tongues that allow them to catch ants, and their teeth are specially adapted to bite through the hard, chitin-rich bodies of ants. Females are generally larger than males, and they live 6 to 20 years in the wild. Head of a Thorny Devil Lizard. Theo Allofs / Getty Images These reptiles do not travel very far from their homes. They are not territorial and have been spotted in overlapping ranges of other thorny devils. They are also active from March through May and August through December. During the hottest (January and February) and coldest parts (June and July) of the year, thorny devils hide in burrows that they dig. Habitat and Distribution Thorny devils live in most of the arid regions of Australia, including the Southern and Western parts of the country. They prefer desert areas and spinifex grasslands. Spinifex is a type of spiky grass that grows in sand dunes. Diet and Behavior Their diet is made up exclusively of ants, eating anywhere from 600 to 2,500 ants in one meal. They locate these ants by moving very slowly to find trails and then waiting for the ants to come. They use their sticky tongues, similar to an anteaters, to pick them up. Additionally, thorny devils’ skin collects water from its environment and channels the liquid to its mouth to drink. In extreme circumstances, they bury themselves in the sand to get moisture from it. Thorny Devil traveling on the sand. Luis Castaneda Inc. / Getty Images Thorny devils are non-territorial and don’t travel very far from their homes. Their daily routine consists of leaving their cover in the morning to warm themselves in the sand, moving to their defecation site, and then returning to their cover along the same path while eating ants along the way. However, they will travel further distances between August and September when in search of mates. To defend against predators, such as buzzards and Australian bustards (large land birds), thorny devils curl themselves to protect their head and expose a bony mass on their neck often referred to as a false head. This fools predators into attacking the knob instead of its real head. Reproduction and Offspring Mating season for thorny devils occurs from August to December. They travel long distances to converge at mating sites. Males attempt to attract females by bobbing their heads and waving their legs. Females fall and roll to throw off any males that meet their disapproval. Females lay 3 to 10 eggs in burrows much deeper than their normal ones and fill in the holes to cover up any signs of the burrow. The eggs incubate anywhere from 90 to 132 days and then the young emerge. Males and females grow at similar rates for the first year, but females grow at faster rates up until age five. Conservation Status Thorny devils are designated as least concern as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The organization found thorny devils to be very widespread and unlikely to be under any threat. Sources Dewey, Tanya. Moloch Horridus. Animal Diversity Web, 2019, https:// animaldiversity.org/accounts/Moloch_horridus/.Moloch Horridus Adaptations. Dancing With The Devil, 2008, http:// bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/palmer_tayl/adaptation.htm.Thorny Devils. Bush Heritage Australia, 2019, https://www.bushheritage.org.au/species/thorny-devils.ï » ¿Thorny Devil. The IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 2019, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/83492011/83492039.

Transplant Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Transplant - Coursework Example The disadvantage is that it causes people to think about donating organs without inherently wanting so. Also, ‘Youre also giving up your right to informed consent. Doctors dont have to tell you or your relatives what they will do to your body during an organ harvest operation because youll be dead, with no legal rights† (Teresi, 2012). The main factor that causes this discrepancy is the unwillingness to donate the organ in the relatives. Each year, at least 5000 medically transplantable organs are refused donation by the relatives in the US (Reeves et al., 2004). Other factors may include diseased or infections organs in the donors, and religious and cultural stance on donation. A professional nurse plays a very important role of advocate and educator in organ donation. Professional nurses facilitate organ donation process by convincing the donors and their relatives of the safety of operation. Their role as psychological counselors of the donors and their relatives is also very

Dunlaps aim for ailing companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dunlaps aim for ailing companies - Essay Example During 1997, Sunbeam's management also showed hoax guaranteed sales, improper bill and hold book sales and also resorted to other fraudulent practices. Out of the net income of US$ 189 million, it is estimated that at least US$ 62 million was from fraudulent accounting practices followed by the company. Dunlap was a management expert who specialized in quick fix solutions for ailing companies. Critics say that he specialized in streamlining the bottom-line of the ailing firms by firing employees and resorting to other cost cutting measures. This would make the company more profitable in the short term, but add to difficulties since such measures would equally strip the company of both talent and capability to compete in the international environment. They point to the fact that most of Dunlap's previous firms have been put up for sale after the dramatic recovery they staged and have never been capable of outdoing its competition on its own. Dunlap's aim has always been to improve the performance of the company on the books and then sell it off at higher prices as the stock value escalates in the expectation of higher returns. At Sunbeam, he attempted the same strategy and did nothing creative about it. In order to cut short the time frame to correct the company's book, he resorted to sales and accounting frauds and the debt financing of three acquisitions to increase the turnover and asset base of the firm. The celebrity CEO was also followed closely by the media who was highly skeptical of his style of aggressive and inhuman decisions. The over ambitious CEO was overpowered by the media who alerted the shareholders and the authorities about his way of functioning and the glorification of the company destined to doom. The senior management of the company also did little to control the massive information leakage once the media opened the lid of the mismanagement can. The CEO had cut over half of Sunbeam's jobs soon after he took over. The share price shot up to over US$ 53 in 1997 from a mere US$ 12. Many share holders had already sold their stake in the company. But growing public concern led to the CEO himself being victimized at the end. The board of directors fired Duncan to save their embarrassment and filed for closure. 3. Identify ethical issues that Dunlap's management team may have created by adopting a short - run focus on financial performance. What lessons could be learned from the outcome Dunlap's management team had overlooked the primary aim of all businesses - to create social wealth. He had specialized in the short run concept after he discovered the pleasure of making money by selling off his previous firms to high bidders who bought the revived companies to add to their wealth. But in the process of streamlining a sinking firm, he had thrown overboard a large chunk of its employees and the beneficiaries of its functioning. His focus was always the small community

The Singer Solution To World Poverty Essay Example for Free

The Singer Solution To World Poverty Essay â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† philosopher Peter Singer addresses the issue of poverty by suggesting Americans give away most of their income to aid those in need. Singer believes that withholding income is the equivalence of letting a child starve to death. Therefore, Singer suggests the ethical thing to do to end world hunger is to give up everyday luxuries. Although donating a vast amount of money could help dying and starving children, Singer’s proposition is not only unrealistic but also too demanding for everyday Americans who have responsibilities of their own. Singer begins his essay with Dora, a schoolteacher, who sells an orphan awaiting to have his organs sold in a black market for a new television set. Eventually, Dora regrets her immoral decision and rescues the boy from his fate. Singer compares this act to Americans, who spend their income on food, clothes and vacations by suggesting that the money spent could have made a â€Å"difference between life and death for children in need† (327). Singer goes on to compare how the situations are similar, pointing out that the only difference is ignoring an issue that isn’t in your presence and one that is. Singer continues by calling himself a â€Å"utilitarian philosopher† and defines his character by stating that he judges acts by their consequences (327). Singer then introduces Bob and his expensive Buggati. Bob chooses to save his car from a train even though he could have saved a child’s life by destroying his prized possession, and compares this story to Americans and their lack of donations. Singer concludes with comparing income and how much a person should give away based on that number. He suggests all Americans have the choice to give up all luxuries because these sacrifices could better a child’s life. Singer targets all Americans in his essay, implying everyone needs to help. He begins with saying that two hundred dollars is enough to make a difference for a child, to declaring the only solution is to give up all luxuries. Singer uses Bob and Dora, two individuals who chose money and objects over children, and compares them to his audience. He even goes as far as to compare the lack of help Americans give starving children in Africa to Nazi Germany and those who did nothing to stop the Third Reich. He bases his logic on what the moral thing to do is. Singer attempts to guilt trip his readers by giving examples of life and death situations, in which lay in the hands of immoral people. Although Singer does mean well and wants to make a difference for those whose lives are at risk, his solution to is too demanding for everyday people and his authoritative deliverance in not very persuasive. Furthermore, Singer not only expects too much, but doesn’t realize luxuries and necessities mean different things to different people. Singer overwhelms the reader by stating one number to expecting a lot more. Singer fails to mention how much people struggle in America alone. Sure, it would be great to end world hunger, but what about giving to those in need in the US? According to Unicef, the United States has the second highest population of child poverty in the list of developed countries, (Unicef). Although it would be wonderful to be able to help all in need, sometimes it isn’t possible when Americans are struggling themselves to pay bills and raise their own. In conclusion, although Singer does have a good meaning behind his essay, he fails to persuade his audience by being too demanding. Although poverty is in fact an issue, he uses mostly exaggerated examples and guilt trips his readers by comparing them to Nazis and leads them to feel bad about themselves. Not everyone is able to help due to their own financial responsibilities, and it’s unrealistic people will give up most of their income for strangers in other countries. Despite his tone, I do believe the only way to overcome world issues it to work together, but unfortunately I don’t think Singer’s solution is a realistic solution to world poverty.

The Cochlear Implant :: deaf community

The Cochlear Implant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cochlear implant is possibly one of the greatest inventions designed to benefit the deaf community. A cochlear implant is a device implanted internally behind a deaf persons ear with an external microphone, and is designed to provide artificial sounds to people who have nerve deafness in both ears and show no ability to understand speech through hearing aids. Since the development of the cochlear implant in the 1960’s, more than 10,000 people worldwide have been implanted with this device.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although this may seem like the perfect device to aid deafness, a lot of controversy still exists about the cochlear implant. There are many advantages and disadvantages about the implant. I will start by discussing the advantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cochlear implant has allowed many deaf people to live out ‘hearing lives’. During the 1960’s, more primitive implants allowed for partial hearing, the percentage of words that could be understood without lip reading was about 12%, But with modern technology, that number has risen to about 80%, making conversations with a deaf person and a hearing person possible through speech without the use of sign language. Deaf people who have experienced hearing and language skills previously, benefit much more from the implant because they do not have to learn new sounds or words.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the cochlear implant can benefit deaf people greatly, there are still many disadvantages. Of the 15 million people in the U.S. with significant hearing loss. Less than 1% are potential candidates the the cochlear implant. There is no standardized criteria for accepting or rejecting a candidate, but they often need to meet audiological, medical, and psychological criteria. As with all surgeries, there is some degree of risk, but because of the anatomical location being so close to the brain, these risks are much greater. Even though the cochlear implant may be suitable for more deaf

Healthy People Essay

1. What is the mission of Healthy People 2020? They strive to identify nationwide health improvement priorities. They strive to increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities. They strive to provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, State, and local levels. They strive to engage multiple sectors to take action to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge. They strive to identify critical research, evaluation, and data collection needs. 2. List five new topic areas for Healthy People 2020? Older Adults Preparedness Disease Sleep Health Early and Middle Childhood 3. Select one topic area from Healthy People 2020. What is the goal of the topic? What is one objective of the topic? Why is this topic and objective important? Increase public knowledge of how adequate sleep and treatment of sleep disorders improve health, productivity, wellness, quality of life, and safety on roads and in the workplace. Increase the proportion of persons with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who seek medical evaluation Increase the proportion of persons with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who seek medical evaluation The topic and objective is important because we all need sleep and if we cannot sleep then we need to find out  why we can’t sleep. 4. What part of the website did you find most useful? The topics and objectives 5. What resources located on this website would you consider using in the future? All of them because the site is very help for everything. 6. Which part of the website did you find to be the most interesting? The about me section cause I found what the site was about and how useful it will be. How Much Am I Actually Eating? For many people, the most difficult part about following a diet is understanding what constitutes a serving size. How many servings of meat are you actually getting in that double cheeseburger? The dietary guidelines are relatively easy to follow once you establish a frame of reference for serving sizes. Do your definitions of serving size differ from those of your friends, the restaurant around the corner, or your dining hall? Do you need to make some adjustments? Learning to do so goes a long way toward helping one live a healthful life. Go to the following website to examine your visual reality about serving sizes: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/chd/visualreality/visualreality.htm. Follow the instructions and check your visual reality. You will learn to read food labels and eventually be able to determine standard serving sizes simply by looking at them. After completing the visual reality exercise, answer the questions below. How well did you do? Were you generally in agreement with the quiz? I did okay. Somewhat I was in agreement with the quiz.

Chapter 12 Holt Ancient World History

Chapter 12 1. A) Justinian I was an emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He reformed the roman laws by rearranging them and putting them in order. The revised law code called Justinian’s Code. B) Theodora influenced the nika revolt because she stood strong and convinced her king to do the same. C) Justinian could have made his achievements by being more conscious of how much land his government could support when he was taking over the land to the west. 2. A) A mosaic is a piece of art comprised of small pieces of colored tile or glass. Mosaics were one of the most common types of Byzantine art.B) I believe that the iconoclasts responded the way they did to the human images because it seemed to them like the images were to close to the non-Christian worship of an idols. C) The split between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church occurred because of their many differences the most important of which was who in the church had the most power. 3. A) Under the Macedonian dynasty th e Byzantine Empire enjoyed a 200 year golden age. B) The split between the aristocracies of city and countryside was a problem because it caused them to fight within their empire which weekend them to outside attack.C) The statement, â€Å"The Byzantines themselves, not the Turks, bear the greatest responsibility for the end of their empire,† is completely true. Section 2 1. A) The Slavs asked for help from the Rus to bring â€Å"Order† to their way of living and act as a kind of king. B) The accomplishments of Yaroslav the Wise are: fact that he became ruler of Kiev Rus, He hired scribes to translate religious books from Greek to Slavic, and under his rule the Russian law was codified, and he helped regain territory that had been lost.C) The physical geography may have affect the relationship between the Byzantine Empire and the Kievan Rus because since the where so close there seems as if there might be some territorial issues. 2. A) Cyril And Methodius converted Sla vs to Christianity. B) Vladimir I impacted Russian Christianity by converting then marrying the sister of the Byzantine Emperor. He also built libraries, schools, and churches. Then he made Christianity the state religion. C) I think Christianity spread more in he city then the country side because cities have more people which means it was probably more promoted. 3. A) Alexander Nevsky was known as a Russian hero. Not only did he defeat the Swedes and the Teutonic Knights, he also was the Mongols vessel. B) I think Invasions from the outside caused more damage to the Kievan State then Internal problems because they always seemed to be under attack. First, being attacked from the east, Then the north and then being invaded again by the Teutonic Knights.Section 3 . A) Alfred the Great was the kind of Wessex. He helped defeat the Danish Invaders and joined forces with Anglo-Saxon England. He also compiled a code of laws and promoted learning. B) The Franks converted to Christianity be cause their leader, Clovis, swore that if they won the battle be could become a Christian. The Franks won, and all his troops followed in Clovis’s footsteps. C) I think Western Europe broke apart probably because they didn’t have a unifying leader. Everyone in that age wanted power to themselves. . A) Patrick spread Christianity throughout Ireland without giving a care how he was treated. By the time he died he achieved making almost all of Ireland Christian. B) Gregory the Great was a Roman Catholic pope. His major achievement was restoring monastic discipline, and was zealous in propagating Christianity. C) I think Christendom affect medieval Europe in a small way. It was just another society that promoted Christianity and its customs. 3. A) Life for a Celtic Monk is quiet and reserved.They liked to be isolated from the rest of society because they felt as though it would keep them from being distracted from their faith. They like to fast and spend days at a time in solitary contemplation. B) Benedictines and Celtic monasteries were similar because they both where groups of monks who were very dedicated and focused on their religion. They were also both led by Abbots. They are different from each other because the Benedictines were open to the public about their religion and were not as brutal then the Celtics.Celtics often did intense fasts and like to be isolated and away from social activity. C) I think that the most significant thing that the Benedictines did was run schools that help educate and create the â€Å"Finest Minds† of the Middle Ages. This led to smart people copying important ancient manuscripts to help keep the knowledge of Greece and Rome alive. Without those manuscript, we probably would be reading this chapter and a big chunk of history would be undiscovered.

An Overview and History of Medical Geography

An Overview and History of Medical Geography Medical geography, sometimes called health geography, is an area of medical research that incorporates geographic techniques into the study of health around the world and the spread of diseases. In addition, medical geography studies the impact of climate and location on an individuals health as well as the distribution of health services. Medical geography is an important field because it aims to provide an understanding of health problems and improve the health of people worldwide based on the various geographic factors influencing them. History of Medical Geography Medical geography has a long history. Since the time of the Greek doctor, Hippocrates (5th-4th centuries BCE), people have studied the effect of location on one’s health. For example, early medicine studied the differences in diseases experienced by people living at high versus low elevation. It was easily understood that those at living low elevations near waterways would be more prone to malaria than those at higher elevations or in drier, less humid areas. Though the reasons for these variations were not fully understood at the time, the study of this spatial distribution of disease is the beginnings of medical geography. This field of geography did not gain prominence until the mid-1800s though when cholera gripped London. As more and more people became ill, they believed they were becoming infected by vapors escaping the ground. John Snow, a doctor in London, believed that if he could isolate the source of the toxins infecting the population they and cholera could be contained. As part of his study, Snow plotted the distribution of deaths throughout London on a map. After examining these locations, he found a cluster of unusually high deaths near a water pump on Broad Street. He then concluded that the water coming from this pump was the reason people were becoming sick and he had authorities remove the handle to the pump. Once people then stopped drinking the water, the number of cholera deaths dramatically decreased. Snow’s use of mapping to find the source of disease is the earliest and most famous example of medical geography. Since he conducted his research, however, geographic techniques have found their place in a number of other medical applications. Another example of geography aiding medicine occurred in the early 20th Century in Colorado. There, dentists noticed that children living in certain areas had fewer cavities. After plotting these locations on a map and comparing them with chemicals found in the groundwater, they concluded that the children with fewer cavities were clustered around areas that had high levels of fluoride. From there, the use of fluoride gained prominence in dentistry. Medical Geography Today Today, medical geography has a number of applications as well. Since the spatial distribution of disease is still a large matter of importance though, mapping plays a huge role in the field. Maps are created to show historic outbreaks of things like the 1918 influenza pandemic, for example, or current issues like the index of pain or Google Flu Trends across the United States. In the pain map example, factors like climate and environment can be considered to determine why high amounts of pain cluster where they do at any given time. Other studies have also been conducted to show where the highest outbreaks of certain types of disease occur. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States, for instance, uses what they call the Atlas of United States Mortality to look at a wide range of health factors across the U.S. Data ranges from the spatial distribution of people at different ages to places with the best and worst air quality. Subjects such as these are important because they have implications for the population growth of an area and the instances of health problems such as asthma and lung cancer. Local governments can then consider these factors when planning their cities and/or determining the best use of city funds. The CDC also features a website for traveler’s health. Here, people can get information about the distribution of disease in countries worldwide and learn about the different vaccines needed to travel to such places. This application of medical geography is important for reducing or even stopping the spread of the world’s diseases through travel. In addition to the United States’ CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO) also features similar health data for the world with its Global Health Atlas. Here, the public, medical professionals, researchers, and other interested persons can gather data about the distribution of the world’s diseases in an attempt to find patterns of transmission and possibly cures to some of the more deadly illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and various cancers. Obstacles in Medical Geography Although medical geography is a prominent field of study today, geographers have some obstacles to overcome when gathering data. The first problem is associated with recording a disease’s location. Since people sometimes do not always go to a doctor when ill, it can be difficult to get entirely accurate data about a disease’s location. The second problem is associated with the accurate diagnosis of disease. While the third deals with the timely reporting of a disease’s presence. Often, doctor-patient confidentiality laws can complicate the reporting of a disease. Since, data such as this needs to be as complete as possible to monitor the spread of illness effectively, the International Classification of Disease (ICD) was created to make sure that all countries use the same medical terms to classify a disease and the WHO helps monitor the global surveillance of diseases to help data get to geographers and other researchers as quickly as possible. Through the efforts of the ICD, the WHO, other organizations, and local governments, geographers are in fact able to monitor the spread of disease fairly accurately and their work, like that of Dr. John Snow’s cholera maps, is essential to reducing the spread of and understanding contagious disease. As such, medical geography has become a significant area of expertise within the discipline.

Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions Essay Example for Free

Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions Essay 16. Since we have the profits from all three scenarios we just to compare the present values of each scenario. We do not need to subtract anything from the present value since the costs have already been subtracted from profits. We can see that we have the highest present value of $290.87 when we use high advertising intensity. Therefore this is the recommended scenario. Q2. This question deals with margin analysis, we will look at incremental revenues and costs and see whether they are worth it. On the revenue side we have an increase on 9807700, however we also have incremental costs of television airtime, ad development and a loss of $6000000 in another division We can see that when we add up the incremental costs, they exceed the extra revenues by 317100. Therefore I do not recommend that this campaign to be undertaken. Q21. Producer —Producer. The Brazilian and five other producers are competing against the US Southern Shrimp Alliance. Both groups are competing to provide the customers with the best shrimps at the lowest cost. However currently the Brazilian Producers have an advantage with their lower labor, cheap land etc. Government and Market; According to the current scenario, the Brazilian Group would be choice of the market since they can produce it much cheaper. However, the Sourthern Alliance is trying to lobby the Government into imposing tariffs Brazilian Imports. Consumer Producer Rivalry; The American Seafood Distributors, which represent consumers of shrimp farming, are interested in having the lowest cost. They are supporting the Brazilians and can potentially choose not to buy from the US based shrimp farmers. Consumer – Consumer Rivalry; Is pretty low, since they have banded together to form the American Seafood Distributors. Five Forces Analysis: Shrimp Farming Industry Buyers have formed the American Seafood Distributors, which means they can ask negotiate in bulk and choose whether they buy from one firm or not. They apparently have very low switching costs. Since shrimp is still shrimp wherever it came from, the price value combination becomes very important. Possible Government Intervention. The shrimp farmers procure their supply from the sea. And really the shrimps have very little choice in the matter. There is plentiful supply, although it depends upon the weather and climate, therefore geographically specific. Also the fishermen who fish for the shrimp or the people who work in the farms demand lower wages for Brazilians but relatively high for the US based on the labour laws. Differentiation is low and competition is based primarily on price. There seems to be a high degree of concentration amongst the firms competing in the industry. Substitutes; There are various substitutes available within the product class. Instead of shrimps, consumers could go for other seafood such as fish. Or they could also choose to go completely different route and avoid Seafood altogether. Entry; Medium Economics of scale are necessary to harvest shrimps at a lower cost, and since there is bulk buying, network effects are also important. Q23. I would tell the owner that while owner did the right thing by incentivizing the manager, but the structure of the incentive needs to be changed. The owner has incentivized the manager to make sales, but has given no incentives to the manager to sell at a higher price. I would recommend that the owner should either set a minimum price on sales or, offer the incentive out of the profits e.g offer 2% of the profit on the sale which would ask. Q11. In the first case, a drop in price of components represents a change in the factors of production. Therefore this will result in a change in the ‘quantity supplied’. This means that the supply curve will shift to the right. Since there is no change in the demand curve, this means that the price will fall. (exh 1) In the second scenario, we have information that incomes are supposed to grow over the coming two years. Change in income produces a change in the demand curve. This is case; we know that RAM is a normal good, with people having income over $75000 buy nearly 1.3 times more. Therefore we can expect the price to increase. However, whether this final price is greater than the initial price (before the changes in supply and demand curve) is unclear and will depend upon how much does the supply curve shifted due to cost drop. Exh1exh2 Blue: Previous SupplyBlue: Previous Supply Red: New Supply Red: New Supply Green: New Demand Q13. First of all, the question misquotes the law of demand. When the prices of cigarettes are raised, the ‘quantity demanded for cigarettes will fall but the ‘demand for cigarettes will not’. The effectiveness of higher pricing will depend upon the cause of the higher pricing. If the price hike is due to a price ceiling by the governmen. then definitely the number of cigarettes demanded will decrease. However, cigarettes are very addicting, which means that the price elasticity if cigarettes is very low. So the drop in quantity demanded is very small. (exh 3). On a theoretical level, it is possible for the equilibrium price to remain the same but with lower number of cigarettes smoked. In this diagram, the red line is demand, while the blue line is supply, we can clearly see that even with a price ceiling, the number of cigarettes smoked as decrease very little. Q14. Well, in order to find out the equilibrium price and quantity I will equate the demand and supply functions. 175 – p = 2P -200. This gives us P = $125. Furthermore, at this price 50 pints of blood will be processed. In order to find the consumer surplus we will need to find the area underneath the demand curve. $175 Price The area of triangle A is the consumer surplus = Â ½ * (50) * (175-125) = 1250 The area of triangle B is the producer surplus = Â ½ * (50) * (125-100) = 625 Q15. Crude oil is the critical component in the refining process. The price of gasoline will rise dramatically due to the shift in the supply curve. Since the fuel has become more expensive, people will want to buy less of it and therefore will want to buy cars which are more fuel efficient. This will cause the demand curve for fuel efficient cars to shift to the left. Q16. Qs1 = 4P – 110 which gives me coordinates of (0, 27.5) and (-110,0) Qs2 =4.171P – 110 which give me coordinates of (0, 26.37) and (-110,0) Qd= 250 – 5P which give me coordinates of (0, 50) and ( 250,0) First let me find the equilibrium price and quantity by equating Qs1 and Qd. This gives me Pe = 40 Qe= 50 million. Also when I equate Qs2 with Qd I get the new equilibrium Pe2 = 39.25. Each customer saves 75 cents per month. Q10 of the assignment The price of an entry level DVD player is $25.70 on Ebay According to my estimate, the demand curve and supply curve have both shifted to the left. Demand Curve; Â  As opposed to 2003, in 2012 people have many more option in which to watch their movies. They can carry them on USBs, stream them over the internet, or rent them online from websites such as Netflics. All of these directly contribute to reduce the popularity of DVDs which are complements of Dvd Players. Since there are so many alternate channels to watch movies which offer better price and excellent quality, people will not demand as much of the product. Furthermore, the large amounts of substitutes will directly contribute make the demand much more elastic, so that at the slightest decrease in the price people will switch out Supply Curve; Due to mass production and advancements in technology one could expect that the supply curve should shift outwards. However, due to the number of firms which will pull out of this industry the supply curve will shift towards the left. There is simply not enough demand to sustain all these firms. ii)Besides the change in the number of suppliers, change in technology or a decrease in labour costs could affect the supply similarly Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions. (2017, Jan 07).

Shortage of skill staff in aviation industory in UAE Essay

Shortage of skill staff in aviation industory in UAE - Essay Example It has opened new ways for many new airline companies to step up in the field. As there are much new aviation industries presently working in the Gulf region, it has also led to the shortage of skilled qualified staff in the industry. Inflation has not only affected the aviation sector, but also the housing, schooling and living sector. A change of almost 40-1000% was recorded in the housing and rent sector, and this was not only limited to the residential areas, but also to the commercial sector. And as far as the schooling sector is concerned, an increase of almost 15% was recorded, compared to the last year's school fees. And due to a massive increase in all these sectors, an increase in the cost of living was also recorded, to around 40%. This article describes the needs of human being in the present time. Facilities, new technologies, leisure that they are getting used to, the amount of dependency that they've on machines, rather than using and improving their own skills. People have adopted computers, mobile phones, air conditioners and other such things as a necessity item rather than a luxury item, and getting habitual to them. Due to which the amount of their spending expenditures exceeds their income, and as the people are finding it hard to leave all these comforts, they're surrounded with problems. Another factor which is contributing to all these problems is "inflation". It is creating problems for everyone. It is forcing the people to reduce their standard of living, and the range of their high quality life. In many industries, inflation has more impact on the lives of their employees than a few others. They've low incomes and are provided with only few facilities compared to other industries. Thus, allowin g them to choose other options, with more income and facilities, and a better standard of living. This article would further recommend steps to facilitate the problems faced by the aviation industry. Currently, the aviation industry is going through a difficult phase. Some major problems faced by the aviation industry are the increasing Cost of living, the cost of Accommodation, the cost of Schooling and the shortage of skilled staff. The drawbacks of all these problems are major, and we've to find a solution to these problems. 1.2 - OBJECTIVES The main objective of this article is to provide solutions to the problems mentioned in the "Aim" section. One of the most important moves that an aviation industry should make is increase the salary of their staff, so that they could meet up their personal expenses and are not worried, as it'll enable them to work more efficiently and the output would be quality work. The aviation industry should also provide their employees with facilities such as free fuel, free accommodation, free schooling, free training and other incentives to attract more qualified and skilled workers to their industry to meet up the shortage and demand of skilled staff in the industry. The industry should also help their staff out with their problems, and give them allowances. Another thing that aviation industry should do is provide a friendly working environment, so that every one feels comfortable and welcomed in the industry. 1.3 - Background The beginning of civil aviation in U.A.E was taken about in 1935, when aerodromes were generated. In